Comparison of methods for controlling acquiescence bias in balanced and unbalanced scales / Comparação de métodos para o controle do viés da aquiescência em escalas balanceadas e desbalanceadas / Comparación de métodos para controlar el sesgo de aquiescencia en escalas balanceadas y no balanceadas

Controlling acquiescence bias typically involves the application of positive and negative keyed items. However, little is known about the effect of balancing positive and negative items on bias control. The aim of this study was to compare three Confirmatory Factor Analysis models (without control, MIMIC, and Random Intercept) to recover the factor structure of unbalanced and balanced instruments, using simulated and real data (from an instrument that assesses Personality). By controlling for acquiescence, the results indicated that the performance of balanced scales was better than that of unbalanced scales, as well as in the absence of control for response bias, when considering balanced and unbalanced scales. Thus, this research suggests the possibility of controlling acquiescence through balanced instruments associated with the use of statistical methods in modeling.(AU)

O controle do viés de aquiescência normalmente envolve a aplicação de itens positivos e negativos. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito do balanceamento entre itens positivos e negativos sobre o controle do viés. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar três modelos de Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (sem controle, MIMIC e Intercepto Randômico) para recuperar a estrutura fatorial de instrumentos desbalanceados e balanceados, a partir de dados simulados e reais (procedentes de um instrumento que avalia Personalidade). Mediante o controle da aquiescência, os resultados indicaram que a performance de escalas balanceadas foi melhor do que de escalas desbalanceadas, bem como na ausência de controle desse viés de resposta, ao considerar as escalas balanceadas e desbalanceadas. Dessa maneira, esta pesquisa aponta para a possibilidade de controle de aquiescência por meio de instrumentos balanceados associada ao uso dos métodos estatísticos na modelagem.(AU)

El control del sesgo de aquiescencia involucra la aplicación de ítems positivos y negativos. Sin embargo, el efecto del equilibrio entre ítems positivos y negativos en el control del sesgo sigue siendo una pregunta abierta. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar tres modelos de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (sin control, MIMIC e Intercepto Aleatorio) para recuperar la estructura factorial de instrumentos balanceados y desbalanceados, a partir de datos simulados y reales (a partir de un instrumento que evalúa personalidad). El control de este sesgo de respuesta indicó que el desempeño de escalas balanceadas fue mejor que el de escalas desbalanceadas, así como en la ausencia del control de la aquiescencia, al considerar escalas balanceadas y desbalanceadas. Por lo tanto, esta investigación sugiere la posibilidad de controlar este sesgo de respuesta por medio de instrumentos balanceados asociados con el uso de métodos estadísticos modelado.(AU)

Relationship between psychopathy, personality and human values in a prison sample / Relação entre psicopatia, personalidade e valores humanos em uma amostra carcerária / Relación entre psicopatía, personalidad y valores humanos en una muestra carcelaria

Our aim was to understand to what extent the characteristics of psychopathy are correlated with personality traits and human values in a sample of imprisoned inmates. To this end, a total of 56 prisoners were evaluated, predominantly female (80.4%) with a mean age of 33.44 (SD=7.15). The following instruments were employed: (1) Hare scale, (2) Human Values Questionnaire (BVQ), (3) Big Five Personality Traits Inventory (BFI-S) and (4) Demographic Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were applied. The results indicated a positive correlation between a socially deviant/antisocial lifestyle (Factor 2) and the dimensions of neuroticism (r s =0.44; p<0.001), openness to experience in the BFI-S (r s =0.26; p<0.05) and experimentation in the BVQ (r s =0.36; p<0.001). It was concluded that the present study contributes to an understanding of personality traits and values related to psychopathy, expanding the nomological network of this construct. (AU)

Objetivou-se conhecer em que medida o traço de psicopatia correlaciona-se com os traços de personalidade e os valores humanos em uma amostra carcerária. Para tanto, avaliou-se 56 detentos, a maioria mulheres (80,4%), com média de idade de 33,44 (DP=7,15). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Questionário de Valores Humanos (QVB), (3) Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade (IGFP - 5) e (4) Questionário Demográfico. Foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas e correlação rho de Spearman. Os resultados indicaram uma relação positiva entre o estilo de vida socialmente desviante/antissocial (Fator 2) e as dimensões de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), abertura a mudança do IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) e experimentação do QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Conclui-se que o presente estudo contribui para o conhecimento dos traços de personalidade e valores relacionados a psicopatia, ampliando a rede nomológica deste construto. (AU)

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer en qué medida el rasgo de la psicopatía se correlaciona con los rasgos de personalidad y valores humanos en una muestra penitenciaria. Para ello, fueron evaluados 56 detenidos, en su mayoría mujeres (80,4%), con una media de edad de 33,44 años (DS=7,15). Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Cuestionario de valores humanos (QVB), (3) Inventario de los Cinco Grandes Factores de Personalidad (IGFP-5) y (4) Cuestionario demográfico. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y la correlación rho de Spearman. Los resultados indicaron una relación positiva entre conducta socialmente desviada/antisocial (Factor 2) y las dimensiones de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), apertura al cambio en el IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) y experimentación de QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Se concluye que el presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento de los rasgos y valores de personalidad relacionados con la psicopatía, ampliando la red nomológica de este constructo. (AU)

Urban-rural differentials in the relationship between personality traits and changes in depressive symptoms / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#The prevalence of depressive symptoms has become a significant public health issue in China. Research on the relationship between personality traits and changes in depressive symptoms, as well as further exploration of urban-rural differences, not only benefits for the understanding of the prevalence trend of depression in China, but also provides a useful reference for the government to develop personalized mental health prevention strategies.@*METHODS@#Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2018 and 2020, a univariate analysis was conducted on 16 198 Chinese residents aged 18 years and above. Five dimensions of personality traits were conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness. In the study, 16 198 residents were divided into "keep good group", "better group", "worse group" and "keep bad group" according to the changes in depressive symptoms in 2018 and 2020. After controlling for factors, such as gender and education, multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether personality traits were associated with changes in depressive symptoms. In addition, we evaluated whether urban-rural and personality traits interacted to influence depressive symptoms.@*RESULTS@#The five dimensions of personality traits were significantly correlated with changes in depressive symptoms. Conscientiousness, extroversion, and agreeableness were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, while neuroticism and openness were positively related. Urban and rural differences moderated the relationship between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Compared with urban residents, rural residents showed stronger correlations between neuroticism (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30) and the group of depression-recovery, as well as conscientiousness (OR=0.79;95%CI: 0.68-0.93) and the group of persistent-depression.@*CONCLUSION@#The study finds that personality traits have a significant correlation with changes in depressive symptoms, with certain traits showing a negative or positive relationship. Specifically, higher levels of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness are associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, while higher levels of neuroticism and openness are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. In addition, the study finds that rural residents have a stronger association between their personality traits and persistent or improved depressive symptoms, which highlights the need for tailoring mental health intervention and prevention programs that should take into account personality traits and urban-rural differences in China. By developing targeted strategies that are sensitive to personality differences and geographic disparities, policymakers and mental health professionals can help prevent and reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms, ultimately improving the overall well-being of Chinese adults. Meanwhile, additional studies in independent populations are needed to corroborate the findings of this study.

Modeling social desirability in the Antisocial Self-Report (ASR-13) scores / Modelando a desejabilidade social na Escala de Auto-Relato de Comportamentos Anti-Sociais / Modelización de la deseabilidad social en los puntajes del Inventario Breve de Conductas Antisociales (ASR-13)

The Antisocial Self-Report (ASR-13) was developed to assess a general antisocial personality factor. However, because antisocial traits are socially aversive, the ASR-13 scores can be potentially contaminated by social desirability in high-stakes testing situations. In the present study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the ASR-13 to determine which items may be subject to socially desirable responding when used for data collection in prison settings. Participants were 324 college students, and 20 male prisoners. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model suggested three items were especially prone to eliciting socially desirable responding. We found evidence that prisoners likely attenuated their scores when rating items with content that is related to illegal behaviors. We discuss the implications of the findings, and how they help understand the latent processes that cause item responses to the ASR-13 inventory.(AU)

O Inventário Breve de Comportamentos Antissociais foi desenvolvido para avaliar um fator geral de personalidade antissocial. No entanto, como traços antissociais são socialmente aversivos, os escores do inventário podem acabar contaminados pela desejabilidade social em contextos de avaliação nos quais o indivíduo possui interesse em obter resultados favoráveis. No presente estudo, uma análise do ASR-13 foi realizada em relação a quais itens são suscetíveis às respostas socialmente desejáveis quando a coleta de dados é feita em ambientes prisionais. Os participantes foram 324 estudantes universitários e 20 homens privados de liberdade. O modelo Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) sugeriu que três itens eram especialmente propensos a provocar respostas socialmente desejáveis. Evidências de que os participantes privados de liberdade atenuaram as suas pontuações em itens com conteúdo relacionado a comportamentos ilegais foram encontradas. Discutiu-se as implicações dos resultados e como ajudam a entender os processos latentes que causam respostas aos itens do ASR-13.(AU)

El Inventario Breve de Conductas Antisociales fue desarrollado para evaluar un factor general de personalidad antisocial. Sin embargo, como los rasgos antisociales son socialmente aversivos, los puntajes del inventario pueden verse contaminadas por la deseabilidad social en contextos de evaluación en los que el individuo está interesado en obtener resultados favorables. En el presente estudio, realizamos un análisis del ASR-13 en relación con qué ítems son susceptibles de respuestas socialmente deseables cuando la recolección de datos se realiza en entornos penitenciarios. Los participantes fueron 324 estudiantes universitarios y 20 hombres en situación de privación de libertad. El Modelo con Indicadores y Causas Múltiples (MIMIC) sugirió que tres ítems eras especialmente propensos a provocar respuestas socialmente deseables. Encontramos evidencias de que los participantes privados de libertad bajaron sus puntajes en ítems con contenido relacionado con conductas ilegales. Discutimos las implicaciones de los resultados y cómo ayudan a comprender los procesos latentes que provocan las respuestas a los ítems del ASR-13.(AU)

Análisis psicométrico de versiones cortas del Big Five Inventory en universitarios mexicanos / Psychometric analysis of short versions of the Big Five Inventory in Mexican college students / Análise psicométrica de versões curtas do Big Five Inventory em universitários mexicanos

La personalidad es uno de los constructos centrales de la psicología, no obstante, las escalas extensas pueden dificultar su inclusión en diversos estudios. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si las dos versiones breves del Big Five Inventory (BFI, 15p y BFI-10p) presentan evidencias de validez y de confiabilidad en una muestra de 451 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos (57,2% mujeres; Medad = 20,84). El BFI-15p y el BFI-10p fueron analizados mediante un modelo exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales (método de estimativa, y rotación geomin), y se encontró que el BFI-15p tenía un índice de ajuste satisfactorio y estructura interna coherente, así como asociaciones significativas con una breve medida de inteligencia emocional. Además, los coeficientes y puntuaciones de confiabilidad del constructo fueron adecuados. Se concluye que el BFI-15p presenta propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias para su uso en estudiantes universitarios.(AU)

A personalidade é um dos construtos centrais da psicologia, no entanto, as escalas extensas podem dificultar a sua inclusão em diversos estudos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se as duas versões breves do Big Five Inventory (BFI-15p e BFI-10p) apresentam evidências de validade e de confiabilidade numa amostra de 451 estudantes universitários mexicanos (57.2% mulheres; Midade = 20.84). O BFI-15p e o BFI-10p foram analisados por meio de um modelo exploratório de equações estruturais (método de estimativa WLSMV e rotação Geomin), e verificou-se que o BFI-15p apresentava índice de ajuste satisfatório e estrutura interna coerente, assim como associações significativas com uma breve medida de inteligência emocional. Além disso, os coeficientes e pontuações de confiabilidade do construto foram adequados. Conclui-se que o BFI-15p apresenta propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para o uso em estudantes universitários.(AU)

Personality is one of the central constructs of psychology, however, its extensive scales can hinder its inclusion in various studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify whether the two short versions of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-15p and BFI-10p) present evidence of validity and reliability in a sample of 451 Mexican university students. (57.2% women; Mage = 20.84). The BFI-15p and BFI-10p were analyzed through exploratory structural equation modeling (WLSMV estimation method and geomin rotation), and it was found that the BFI-15p presented a satisfactory fit index and a coherent internal structure, as well as significant associations with a brief measure of emotional intelligence. The construct reliability coefficients and scores were also adequate. It was concluded that the BFI-15p presents satisfactory psychometric properties for use with university students.(AU)

Somatotype characteristics of patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease and its relationships with physical activity and depression / Características del somatotipo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sin diálisis y su relación con la actividad física y la depresión

SUMMARY: Somatotype characters have been defined for many diseases. However, there is insufficient information on the somatotype characters of chronic kidney patients. The first aim of our study was to define the specific somatotype in patients diagnosed with CKD. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between somatotype characters and physical activity and depression in CKD patients. A total of 88 (52.7 %) patients diagnosed with CKD between January and December 2021 at the Department of Nephrology, Inonu University Hospital (Malatya, Turkey) and 79 (47.3 %) healthy volunteers were included in the study. Somatotype analysis was performed using the Heath-Carter method. Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analysis revealed that patients had greater medial calf girth (p = 0.036), higher triceps (p = 0.007) and suprailiac (p = 0.042) skinfold thicknesses and higher body mass index (p = 0.007) compared to controls. Patients also had significantly higher endomorphy (patients: 6.57±1.35 vs. controls: 6.04±1.3; effect size (ES): 0.40, p=0.010) and significantly higher mesomorphy (patients: 7.44±2 vs. controls: 6.85±2.3; ES: 0.27, p=0.039) as well as significantly lower ectomorphy (patients: 0.71±0.69 vs. controls: 1.10±0.93; ES: 0.47, p=0.006). Significant positive correlations were also observed between mesomorphy and IPAQ (rho = 0.219, p = 0.04), endomorphy and BDI (rho = 0.423, p 0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between ectomorph and BDI (rho = -0.325, p = 0.002). We observed that the dominant somatotype was endomorphic mesomorph in patients with CKD. In addition, the fact that CKD patients with ectomorphic body structure have lower depressive symptoms could have an impact on their well-being.

RESUMEN: Se han definido caracteres de somatotipo para muchas enfermedades. Sin embargo, no hay suficiente información sobre los caracteres somatotípicos de los pacientes renales crónicos. El primer objetivo de nuestro estudio fue definir el somatotipo específico en pacientes diagnosticados de ERC. El segundo objetivo fue investigar la relación entre los caracteres del somatotipo y la actividad física y la depresión en pacientes con ERC. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 88 (52,7 %) pacientes diagnosticados con ERC entre enero y diciembre de 2021 en el Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario de Inonu (Malatya, Turquía) y 79 (47,3 %) voluntarios sanos. El análisis del somatotipo se realizó mediante el método de Heath-Carter. La actividad física se evaluó con el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y los síntomas depresivos con el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI). El análisis reveló que los pacientes tenían una mayor circunferencia media de la pierna (pantorrilla) (p = 0,036), tríceps (p = 0,007) y pliegues cutáneos suprailíacos (p = 0,042) más altos y un IMC más alto (p = 0,007) en comparación con los controles. Los pacientes también tenían una endomorfia significativamente mayor (pacientes: 6,57±1,35 frente a controles: 6,04±1,3; tamaño del efecto (ES): 0,40, p=0,010) y una mesomorfia significativamente mayor (pacientes: 7,44±2 frente a controles: 6,85±2,3; ES: 0,27, p=0,039) así como una ectomorfia significativamente menor (pacientes: 0,71±0,69 vs. controles: 1,10±0,93; ES: 0,47, p=0,006). También se observaron correlaciones positivas significativas entre mesomorfia e IPAQ (rho = 0,219, p = 0,04), endomorfia y BDI (rho = 0,423, p 0,001). Se observaron correlaciones negativas significativas entre ectomorfo y BDI (rho = -0,325, p = 0,002). Observamos que el somatotipo dominante fue el mesomorfo endomórfico en pacientes con ERC. Además, el hecho de que los pacientes con ERC con estructura corporal ectomórfica tengan menos síntomas depresivos podría tener un impacto en su bienestar.

Personal Characteristics Related to Engagement Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic / Características Pessoais Relacionadas ao Engajamento Antes e Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 / Características Personales Relacionados con el Engagement Antes y Durante la Pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Personal resources influence professionals' relationships with their work and impact their engagement. Thus, we investigated whether the relationships between personality traits and meaningful work with engagement showed differences before and during the pandemic. The sample comprised 963 professionals with 828 participants, with a mean age of 35.5 years (SD = 10.7 years) before the COVID-19 pandemic, and 135 professionals with a mean age of 42.1 years (SD = 8.1 years) during the pandemic. The participants' personality traits, meaningful work, and work engagement were assessed. Differences in the relationships between personal resources and engagement were investigated through network analysis. No significant differences were observed in the relationships investigated before and during the pandemic. Significant work was related to personality traits and played a central role in the network, evidencing its importance in promoting engagement at work.

Resumo Os recursos pessoais influenciam nas relações dos profissionais com seu trabalho e impactam no seu engajamento. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se as relações entre os traços de personalidade e o trabalho significativo com o engajamento apresentavam diferenças antes e durante a pandemia. A amostra compreendeu 963 profissionais, sendo 828 participantes, com idade média 35,5 anos (DP = 10,7 anos) antes da pandemia da COVID-19 e 135 profissionais, com idade média 42,1 anos (DP = 8,1 anos) durante a pandemia. Foram avaliados os traços de personalidade, trabalho significativo e engajamento no trabalho dos participantes. As diferenças nas relações entre os recursos pessoais com o engajamento foram investigadas por meio da análise de redes. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas relações investigadas antes e durante a pandemia. O trabalho significativo esteve relacionado aos traços de personalidade e desempenhou papel central na rede, evidenciando sua importância na promoção do engajamento no trabalho.

Resumen Los recursos personales influyen en las relaciones de los profesionales con su trabajo e impactan en su compromiso. De esta forma, investigamos si las relaciones entre rasgos de personalidad y trabajo significativo con engagement presentaban diferencias antes y durante la pandemia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 963 profesionales, con 828 participantes, con una edad media de 35,5 años (DE = 10,7 años) antes de la pandemia de COVID-19 y 135 profesionales, con una edad media de 42,1 años (DE = 8,1 años) durante la pandemia. Se evaluaron los rasgos de personalidad de los participantes, el trabajo significativo y el compromiso laboral. Se investigaron las diferencias en las relaciones entre los recursos personales y el compromiso mediante el análisis de redes. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las relaciones investigadas antes y durante la pandemia. El trabajo significativo se relacionó con los rasgos de personalidad y jugó un papel central en la red, evidenciando su importancia en la promoción del compromiso en el trabajo.

Predictive factors of quality of life in temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy: association with affective temperament profiles and psychiatric comorbidities / Factores predictivos de la calidad de vida en la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal y extratemporal: asociación con perfiles de temperamento afectivo y comorbilidades psiquiátricas

ABSTRACT Background: Investigating predictive factors of reduced quality of life (QOL) of patients and their association with focal epilepsy can improve management and treatment strategies. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between affective temperaments, depression, anxiety, disease characteristics, and QOL and to explore the predictors of QOL in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and extratemporal lobe epilepsy (ETLE). Methods: A total of 50 patients with TLE, 51 patients with ETLE, and 70 controls were enrolled. Affective temperaments were evaluated using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). QOL was assessed by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to explore depression and anxiety severity, respectively. Results: Compared with the controls, patients with TLE and ETLE had significantly higher scores on all TEMPS-A scales, except on hyperthymic temperament. All the SF-36 subscale scores were lower in the TLE and ETLE groups. Linear regression analysis revealed that depressive symptoms, anxiety, depressive and irritable temperament, and seizure frequency were significant predictors of QOL in TLE. Patients with ETLE with temperamental disturbances, depressive symptoms, and polytherapy had a poorer QOL. Conclusions: Affective temperaments, psychiatric disorders, and clinical factors may predict impaired QOL in patients with TLE and ETLE. Further studies are needed to identify predictors of QOL in various epilepsy subtypes.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Explorar los factores asociados y predictivos que reducen la calidad de vida en la epilepsia focal produce un efecto beneficioso en las estrategias de gestión y tratamiento. Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre temperamentos afectivos, depresión, ansiedad, características de la enfermedad y calidad de vida (QOL) y explorar los predictores de QOL en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal (TLE) y epilepsia del lóbulo extratemporal (ETLE). Métodos: Se inscribieron un total de 50 pacientes con TLE, 51 pacientes con ETLE y 70 controles. Los temperamentos afectivos se evaluaron mediante el cuestionario de autoevaluación de Temperamento de Memphis, Pisa, París y San Diego (TEMPS-A). La calidad de vida se evaluó mediante la encuesta de salud de formato corto (SF-36). También se realizó a todos los participantes el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI). Resultados: Los pacientes con TLE y ETLE tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en todas las escalas TEMPS-A que los controles, excepto la hipertimia . En la comparación de las puntuaciones del SF-36 dentro de cada grupo, todas las subescalas fueron más bajas en los pacientes con TLE y ETLE. El análisis de regresión lineal reveló que la depresión y la ansiedad, el temperamento depresivo e irritable y la frecuencia de las convulsiones fueron predictores significativos de la calidad de vida en el TLE. Además, los pacientes con ETLE con desequilibrios de temperamento afectivo, depresión comórbida y politerapia tenían una peor calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Los temperamentos afectivos, los trastornos psiquiátricos y los factores clínicos pueden predecir el deterioro de la calidad de vida en pacientes con TLE y ETLE. Se necesitan más estudios para descubrir los predictores de la calidad de vida en varios subtipos de epilepsia.

Relationship between depression and global and specific personality global functioning / Relação entre depressão e funcionamento patológico global e específico da personalidade / Relación entre la depresión y el funcionamiento global de la personalidad global y específica

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and pathological personality functioning (PPF) and specific indicators of pathological personality patterns. The participants were 446 adults from the general population. Part of the sample (n = 237) answered scales evaluating the PPF (Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory - screening (IDCP-Screening)) and symptoms of depression (Baptist Depression Scale - screening (EBADEP-Screening)); another part (n = 209) answered tests evaluating personality disorders (PD) (SCID-II personality questionnaire; SCID-II-PQ) and symptoms of depression (EBADEP-screening). The results indicated that both PPF and PD showed positive associations with depressive symptoms, although associations with PPF were stronger. The PD most associated with depressive symptoms were avoidant, dependent, and borderline. Findings suggest that PPF and specific pathological patterns are risk factors for the onset of depressive symptoms.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre sintomas depressivos e indicadores globais (funcionamento patológico da personalidade - PPF) e específicos (transtornos da personalidade - TP) de padrões de personalidade patológica. Participaram do estudo 446 adultos da população geral. Uma parte da amostra (n = 237) preencheu testes avaliando o PPF (Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade - triagem (IDCP-triagem)) e sintomas de depressão (Escala Baptista de Depressão - triagem (EBADEP-triagem)); outra parte (n = 209) preencheu testes avaliando TP (questionário de personalidade da SCID-II; SCID-II-QP) e sintomas de depressão (EBADEP-triagem). Os resultados indicaram que tanto o PPF quanto os TPs apresentaram associações positivas com sintomas depressivos, apesar de as associações com o PPF terem sido mais fortes. Os TPs que mais se associaram aos sintomas depressivos foram evitativo, dependente e borderline. Os achados sugerem que o PPF e os padrões específicos são fatores de risco para o surgimento de sintomas depressivos.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre los síntomas depresivos y el funcionamiento patológico de la personalidad (PPF) y los indicadores específicos de los patrones patológicos de la personalidad. 446 adultos de la población general participaron en el estudio. Una parte de la muestra (n = 237) respondió a las pruebas que evaluaban PPF (Inventario Dimensional Clinico de Personalidad Dimensional (IDCP)) y síntomas de depresión (Escala de Depresión Baptista - (EBADEP)); otra parte (n = 209) respondieron pruebas que evaluaban TP (cuestionario de personalidad SCID-II; SCID-II-QP) y síntomas de depresión (cribado EBADEP). Los resultados indicaron que tanto PPF como TP mostraron asociaciones positivas con síntomas depresivos, aunque las asociaciones con PPF fueron más fuertes. Las TB más asociadas con síntomas depresivos fueron evitantes, dependientes y dudosas. Los hallazgos sugieren que PPF y patrones específicos son factores de riesgo para la aparición de síntomas depresivos.

Perfil MBTI e a Tipologia dos Quatro Temperamentos: relações possíveis entre cargos de gestão e não gestão / MBTI Profile and the Four Temperament Typology: possible relationships between management and non-management positions / Perfil MBTI y la tipología de cuatro temperamentos: posibles relaciones entre puestos gerenciales y no gerenciales

A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a existência de um perfil de personalidade e de temperamento que possa ser associado aos ocupantes de cargos de gestão. Para isso foi realizada a análise documentária de 240.233 protocolos do MBTI, do banco de dados da empresa representante da ferramenta no Brasil, emitidos no período de 2007 a 2015. Como a base de dados para este estudo foi documental, não houve necessidade de submetê-lo ao Comitê de Ética, mas apenas da autorização expressa da empresa. Para a análise do temperamento, utilizou-se a teoria de David Keirsey por permitir sua associação com o MBTI. Da totalidade de protocolos analisados, 12,55% ocupavam algum cargo de gestão quando avaliados. Os resultados apontaram que as tipologias de personalidade ESTJ (Extrovertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e ISTJ (Introvertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e o temperamento Guardião são as que mais se destacam para todos os tipos de cargos. Conclui-se que não há uma tipologia ou um de temperamento que diferencie pessoas que ocupam cargos de gestão das que não ocupam, porém, há tipologias e temperamentos mais frequentemente observados para os profissionais de diversos cargos.

The present research aims to evaluate the existence of profiles from personality and temperament which can be associated with the occupants of management positions. In order to understand this relation, a documentary analysis has been made using 240,233 MBTI protocols, which represents the database of the company that owns the tool in Brazil from the period of 2007 to 2015. The theory of David Keirsey was used for this purpose and according to the characteristics of this study and the rules of the Ethics Committee, only the express authorization of the company was needed. The results indicate the ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) and ISTJ (Introverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) personality typologies and the Guardian temperament are the ones that stand out the most for all types of positions and also 12.55% of the people analyzed in protocols occupied some management position. The conclusion presented there are no typology or temperament profiles that differentiate people who occupy management positions from those who do not. However, there are typologies and temperaments more frequently observed for professionals in different positions.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de un perfil de personalidad y temperamento que puede asociarse a los ocupantes de los puestos de dirección. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental de 240.233 protocolos MBTI de la base de datos de la empresa representante de la herramienta en Brasil, emitidos en el periodo de 2007 a 2015. Como la base de datos de este estudio era documental, no fue necesario presentarla al Comité de Ética, solamente de la autorización expresa de la empresa. Para el análisis del temperamento, se utilizó la teoría de David Keirsey porque permite su asociación con el MBTI. De todos los protocolos analizados, 12,55% ocupaba algún cargo directivo en el momento de la evaluación. Los resultados señalaron que las tipologías de personalidad ESTJ (Extrovertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) e ISTJ (Introvertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) y el temperamento Guardián son los más destacados para todos los tipos de trabajo. Se concluye que no existe una tipología o un temperamento que diferencie a las personas que ocupan cargos directivos de las que no lo hacen, sin embargo, hay tipologías y temperamentos que se observan con mayor frecuencia para profesionales de diversos cargos.

DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits Among College Students / Rasgos de Personalidad Patológica según el DSM-5 en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios

Abstract Individuals with personality pathology exhibit significant impairment in intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning that compromise psychological welfare of significant others. However, common pathological personality traits in college students remain unclear. This study aimed to describe pathological personality traits identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., DSM-5) Section III alternative model of personality disorder in college students. This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. Participants were 81 college students from a Colombian University who were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Findings suggest that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). A medium size effect was found (p> 0.039) through the ( 2 index. The remaining variables did not prove statistically significant differences when controlling the participant gender (p < 0.05). The personality domain that reached the most dysfunctionality was disinhibition (risk taking, impulsivity, rigid perfectionism). Negative affect had the highest mean score and gender differences in facets and domains showed that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility. However, more studies into the pathological personality traits established by the PID-5 is required if the shift to a dimensional model is likely to occur in future editions of the DSM.

Resumen Las personas con patologías de la personalidad exhiben un deterioro significativo en el funcionamiento inter-intrapersonal que compromete el bienestar psicológico de los más cercanos. Sin embargo, los rasgos de personalidad patológica más comunes en estudiantes universitarios aún no son muy claros. Este estudio busca describir los rasgos de personalidad patológica identificados en el manual diagnóstico y estadístico de trastornos mentales (DSM-5), en estudiantes universitarios. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental. Los participantes fueron 81 estudiantes del programa de psicología de una Universidad Colombiana quienes fueron evaluados por medio del Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5. Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas que los hombres en hostilidad (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). Se encontró un tamaño del efecto medio (p> 0.039) por medio del índice ( 2 . En las demás variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al género (p < 0.05). Inhibición presentó el grado más alto de disfuncionalidad. Afecto negativo obtuvo la puntuación promedio más alta y las diferencias de género muestran que las mujeres tienden a ser más hostiles que los hombres. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre los rasgos de personalidad patológica propuestos por el Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5 si a futuro se propone un modelo dimensional.

Psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in brazilian samples / Propriedades psicométricas do Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) em amostras brasileiras / Propiedades psicométricas del Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) en muestras brasileñas

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in Brazilian community and clinical samples. This research included 1,210 people, 554 of them with psychopathology indicators. The participants answered the PID-5 and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, in addition to a sociodemographic and health data questionnaire that included the six items of the suicidality module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The results showed that the 25 facets of the PID-5 had adequate reliability coefficients and evidence of unidimensionality. The instrument's five-factor structure was replicated with high levels of congruence with the representative sample from North America. PID-5 scores were statistically different between clinical and community groups and were positively correlated with measures of suicide risk and psychopathological symptoms. This study presents the psychometric properties of PID-5 and its suitability for use in the Brazilian population (AU).

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Personalidade para o DSM-5 (PID-5) para amostras clínica e comunitária brasileiras. Esta pesquisa incluiu 1.210 pessoas, sendo 554 delas com indicadores de psicopatologia. Os participantes responderam ao PID-5 e ao Self-Reporting Questionnaire, além de um questionário sobre dados sociodemográfico e de saúde que incluía os seis itens do módulo de risco de suicídio Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Os resultados mostraram que as 25 facetas do PID-5 apresentaram coeficientes de confiabilidade adequados e evidências de unidimensionalidade. A estrutura de cinco fatores do instrumento foi replicada com altos níveis de congruência com a amostra representativa da América do Norte. Os escores PID-5 foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos clínicos e comunitários e foram positivamente correlacionados com medidas de risco de suicídio e sintomas psicopatológicos. Este estudo apresenta as propriedades psicométricas do PID-5 e sua adequação para uso na população brasileira (AU).

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5 (PID-5) en muestras clínicas y comunitarias de Brasil. Esta investigación incluyó a 1.210 personas, 554 de ellas con indicadores de psicopatología. Los participantes respondieron al PID-5 y al Self-Reporting Questionnaire, además de un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y de salud que incluía los seis ítems del módulo de suicidio de la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional. Los resultados mostraron que las 25 facetas del PID-5 presentaron coeficientes de confiabilidad adecuados y evidencias de unidimensionalidad. La estructura de cinco factores del instrumento se replicó con altos niveles de congruencia con la muestra representativa de Norteamérica. Las puntuaciones de PID-5 fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos clínicos y comunitarios, y se correlacionaron positivamente con las medidas de riesgo de suicidio y síntomas psicopatológicos. Este estudio presenta las propiedades psicométricas del PID-5 y su idoneidad para su uso en la población brasileña (AU).

A dimensional measure of schizotypy: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences short version for Brazilian Portuguese (O-LIFE-S)

Abstract Introduction The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a widely-used scale, and the first to include a dimensional approach to understanding schizotypy. Objective To adapt the short version of the O-LIFE (O-LIFE-S) into Brazilian Portuguese. Method a) Two independent bilingual professionals translated the original instrument into Brazilian Portuguese; b) a third bilingual professional summarized the two translations; c) a fourth bilingual expert translated the Portuguese version back into English; d) this back-translation was adjusted by a committee of psychology experts; e) a pilot study was conducted with 10 participants from the general population. Results O-LIFE-S was considered ready to be used in a formal validation study in Brazil. Conclusion The scale appears to cover the dimensional approach to schizotypy. However, a future validation study needs to be conducted to determine the internal consistency and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the O-LIFE-S .

Translation and cultural adaptation of the DSM-5 Personality Inventory - Brief Form (PID-5-BF)

Abstract Introduction The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 - Brief Form (PID-5-BF) - is an instrument for assessment of the five pathological personality traits from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) alternative model of personality disorders. Objectives To determine the psychometric properties of the version of the PID-5-BF translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Methods The process of translating and cross-culturally adapting the text was carried out by independent translators and the resulting version was administered to 176 patients in two hospitals in Rio Grande do Sul. The internal structure was tested by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Evidence of reliability was tested by examining the internal consistency of the scales and their convergent and concurrent validity with other methods of psychopathology. Results The five factors were replicated in the present sample with adequate indicators of fit of the data to the model. Appropriate reliability coefficients for the scales and evidence of validity were observed, indicating the clinical usefulness of the PID-5-BF in the Brazilian context. Conclusion The psychometric properties of PID-5-BF proved satisfactory in an initial sample of Brazilians.

The association between neurocognitive functioning and clinical features of borderline personality disorder

Objective: To investigate the relationship between neurocognitive profiles and clinical manifestations of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Methods: Forty-five patients diagnosed with BPD and 35 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The BPD group was evaluated with the Borderline Personality Inventory for dissociative, impulsivity and suicidal dimensions. The Verbal Memory Processes Test and the Cambridge Neurophysiological Assessment Battery were administered to both the BPD and healthy control groups. Results: BPD patients differed from controls in sustained attention, facial emotion recognition, and deteriorated verbal memory function. A model consisting of the Dissociative Experiences Scale - Taxon (DES-T), motor impulsivity and Scale for Suicidal Behavior scores explained 52% of the variance in Borderline Personality Inventory scores. It was detected that motor impulsivity, decision-making and recognizing sadness may significantly predict DES-T scores, and response inhibition and facial emotion recognition scores may significantly predict impulsivity. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the disassociation, impulsivity, and suicidality dimensions are sufficient to represent the clinical manifestations of BPD, that they are related to neurocognitive differences, and that they interact with clinical features.

Are you sexually empowered? Validation of the Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory for Spanish-speaking women / ¿Sexualmente empoderada?: validación del Inventario de Subjetividad Sexual Femenina en mujeres hispanohablantes

Abstract The Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (FSSI) consists of 20 items that represent three principal elements distributed into five factors that assess: Sexual body-esteem, Pleasure-self, Pleasure-partner, Self-efficacy, and Sexual Self-reflection. The goal was to adapt and examine the psychometric properties of the FSSI. The sample consisted of 278 Ecuadorian adult women. Item analysis, confirmatory factorial analysis, reliability, and evidence for validity were provided by examining associations with socio-demographic variables as well as with body image dissatisfaction and sexual self-consciousness. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, we confirmed a five-factor structure in which items 1 and 6 were deleted. Regarding socio-demographic factors, older women indicated greater sexual self-efficacy, while the women involved in longer relationships indicated less sexual self-efficacy and more entitlement from their partners. The FSSI-factors were associated with body image dissatisfaction and self-consciousness, which revealed that the women reporting greater sexual subjectivity also reported less body dissatisfaction and lower self-consciousness. The reliability of this 18-item version was good, and Cronbach's alpha values ranged from .74 to .86. This study emphasises the need to re-examine the structure and psychometric properties of measures when applied to another context or culture. We provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the FSSI for Ecuadorian women.

Resumen El Inventario de Subjetividad Sexual Femenina (ISSF) consta de 20 ítems distribuidos en cinco factores que evalúan: la autoestima sexual, placer propio, placer con pareja, autoeficacia y autorreflexión sexual. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y examinar las propiedades psicométricas del ISSF. La muestra consistió en 278 mujeres adultas ecuatorianas. Los cuestionarios se administraron en formato online. Se realizaron análisis de ítems, análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), se proporcionaron evidencias de fiabilidad y evidencias de validez al examinar las asociaciones con variables sociodemográficas, así como con la autoconciencia sexual y la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. A través del AFC, se confirmó una estructura de cinco factores en el que se eliminaron los ítems 1 y 6. En relación con las variables sociodemográficas, las mujeres de mayor edad indicaron mayor autoeficacia sexual, en tanto que las mujeres que se encontraban en una relación indicaron menor autoeficacia sexual y mayor placer obtenido de la pareja. Los factores del ISSF se asociaron con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y la autoconciencia, en concreto, quienes informaron de mayor subjetividad sexual estaban más satisfechas con su cuerpo e informaron de menor autoconsciencia sexual. La fiabilidad fue adecuada, oscilando los valores alfa de Cronbach entre .74 y .86. Este estudio enfatiza la necesidad de reexaminar la estructura y las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos cuando son aplicados en otro contexto o cultura. Se ofrecen evidencias de validez y fiabilidad para el uso del ISSF en mujeres ecuatorianas.

Development of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory - avoidant version based on the HiTOP / Desenvolvimento do Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade - versão evitativo baseado no HiTOP / Desarrollo del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de la Personalidad - versión evitativa basada en el HiTOP

This study aimed to develop a specific version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2), focused on the assessment of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). First, we developed the IDCP-Av, composed of one new factor and four factors from the IDCP-2. A total of 436 adults completed this, and two external measures (PID-5 and FFAvA). The IDCP-Av factors and its total score presented high reliability. Correlations and group comparisons were coherent, corroborating expectations. Favorable evidence was observed for the use of the IDCP-Av for the measurement of AvPD, although future studies should replicate the findings in samples composed of patients.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma versão específica do Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 (IDCP-2), focada na avaliação do transtorno da personalidade evitativo (TPE) de acordo com o Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Primeiro foi desenvolvido o IDCP-Av, composto por um novo fator e quatro fatores do IDCP-2. 436 adultos responderam-no, além de medidas externas (PID-5 e FFAvA). Os fatores do IDCP-Av e o escore total apresentaram alta precisão. Correlações e comparações entre grupos foram coerentes e corroboraram as expectativas. Evidências favoráveis foram observadas para o uso do IDCP-Av para avaliação do TPE, embora futuros estudos devem tentar replicar os achados em amostras compostas por pacientes.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una versión específica del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de la Personalidad 2 (IDCP-2), centrado en la evaluación del trastorno de la personalidad evitativa (TPE) de acuerdo con el Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Primeramente se desarrolló el IDCP-Av, compuesto por un nuevo factor y por cuatro factores del IDCP-2. 436 adultos lo contestaron juntamente con medidas externas (PID-5 y FFAvA). Los factores IDCP-Av y su puntuación total presentaron una alta fiabilidad. Las correlaciones y las comparaciones de los grupos fueron coherentes, corroborando con las expectativas. Se observaron evidencias favorables para el uso del AvPD-Av para evaluar el TPE. Sin embargo, estudios posteriores deberían replicar los hallazgos presentes en muestras compuestas por pacientes.(AU)

A significant relationship between personality traits and adhesive capsulitis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between adhesive capsulitis (AC) and a specific psychological profile. METHODS We assessed 72 patients with phase-II AC. In our study, 36 patients were affected by primary disease and 36 by secondary disease. The inclusion criteria were as follows: unilateral AC and pain in the shoulder for at least two months. The exclusion criteria were: psychiatric and neurological manifestations with a previous diagnosis and inability to comprehend the instruments. Outcomes were determined at 52 weeks. Shoulder pain severity was assessed with the Visual Analog Scale. We also measured the range of motion with a universal goniometer and the strength with the Medical Research Council. We assessed the personality traits of our patients with the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. RESULTS Patients with primary AC needed more time to improve the symptomatology compared to the group with the secondary disease (p<0.01). Patients with primary AC complained of severe and lasting pain more frequently than patients with the secondary disease (p< 0.01). In patients with primary disease, the prevalence of perfectionism, low levels of novelty seeking, and high levels of harm avoidance were 88.2 and 86.2%, and 80.4, respectively, and below 20 percent in patients with secondary AC disease. CONCLUSION We found a significant correlation between primary AC and particular personality traits, indicating an interaction between psychological and somatic factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar as associações entre a capsulite adesiva (CA) e um perfil psicológico específico. METODOLOGIA Foram avaliados 72 pacientes com CA fase II. Em nosso estudo, 36 pacientes foram afetados pela doença primária e 36 pela secundária. Os critérios de inclusão foram os seguintes: CA unilateral e dor no ombro durante por pelo menos dois meses. Os critérios de exclusão foram: manifestações neurológicas e psiquiátricas com um diagnóstico prévio e incapacidade de compreender os instrumentos de medição utilizados. Os resultados foram determinados após 52 semanas. A intensidade da dor no ombro foi avaliada usando a Escala Visual Analógica. Também medimos a amplitude de movimento com um goniômetro universal e a força com a escala do Conselho de Pesquisa Médica. Avaliamos os traços da personalidade dos nossos pacientes através do Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter de Cloninger e da Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo. RESULTADOS Pacientes com CA primária precisaram de mais tempo para melhorar a sintomatologia quando comparados ao grupo secundário (p<0,01). Pacientes com CA primária apresentaram mais queixas de dor intensa e duradoura do que pacientes secundários (p< 0,01). Em pacientes com a doença primária, a prevalência de perfeccionismo, baixos níveis de procura por novidade, e altos níveis de prevenção de danos foram 88,2, 86,2% e 80,4, respectivamente, e abaixo de 20% em pacientes secundários. CONCLUSÃO Encontramos uma correlação significativa entre CA primária e traços de personalidade específicos, indicando uma interação entre fatores psicológicos e somáticos.

Gestalt contact styles in OCD patients: a controlled study

Abstract Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a challenging disease in terms of remission rates and treatment approaches. All theoretical approaches are needed for a better understanding. Compared to other theories, it has not been examined sufficiently from the perspective of gestalt theory in the literature. Objective To examine and compare the Gestalt Contact Styles of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the Control Group and to examine the relationship between Gestalt Contact Styles and OCD symptoms. Methods 50 OCD patients were compared with the healthy control group. All patients were evaluated with the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Padua Inventory (PI), and the Gestalt Contact Styles Scale-Revised Form (GCSS-RF). For the control group, GCSS-RF was applied. Results The scores of the OCD patients for GCSS-RF "Retroflection" and "Deflection" subscales were significantly higher than the Control Group. Statistically significant high scores were found between the subscales of Padua Inventory "contamination obsessions and washing compulsions", "obsessional thoughts", "obsessional impulses" and "checking compulsions" subtypes and Gestalt contact styles in the Patient Group in a symptomatological examined manner. With these findings, in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles, it is seen that the difference between Patient and Control Groups is significantly different. There was no significant relationship between the Yale-Brown total score of the Patient Group and the GCSS-RF subscales. Discussion In conclusion, the findings of the study showed significant differences in terms of Gestalt Contact Styles (Retroflection, Contact, Deflection, Desensitization, Confluence) in Patient and Control Groups and OCD symptoms. These results are important to Gestalt Therapists in terms of shedding light on the therapeutic intervention to be done for an OCD patient and contributing to the literature.